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- Brush, Charles Francis, 1849-1929 -- Correspondence (x)
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Show moreThe Cleveland Community-Building Initiative (CCBI) is an outgrowth of the work of the Cleveland Foundation Commission on Poverty, whose purpose was to develop a strategy for addressing persistent poverty in Cleveland neighborhoods. In 1992, the Commission recommended that the City's plan be comprehensive and integrated, tailored to individual neighborhoods, and focused on community assets. In addition, the plan emphasized the importance of involving local residents and other community stake holders in shaping strategies and implementation plans. Finally, the commission specified that the plan be tested in pilot areas and evaluated before attempting to replicate it in other neighborhoods. Five program frameworks were then identified in which activities were to be pursued simultaneously in order to strengthen communities: Health, Investment, Education, Family Development and Human Resource Development (Cleveland Foundation Commission on Poverty, 1992). After the Poverty Commission concluded its work, a group was formed to develop an implementation plan. Four geographic areas were selected for the focus of the new approach. Referred to as "urban villages," these areas included East (Fairfax), Central (King Kennedy Estates), West (Ohio City, portion of Detroit Shoreway), and Mt. Pleasant. A new, independent organization was then created to implement the plan. The Cleveland Community Building Initiative was incorporated as a non-profit entity in September of 1993 and received its 501C3 designation in August of 1994. CCBI is governed by a Board of Trustees, however most activities are coordinated through Village Councils located in each of the four neighborhoods. Each Village Council is comprised of local residents and stake holders who work together with CCBI staff and members of the board to develop action plans that are designed to address the needs of each neighborhood. The purposes of this brief report were two-fold: to assess the development of the village council formation and operation; the identification, analysis and acknowledgment of neighborhood assets; village agenda formation; and the development of action projects.
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Show moreIn August, 1996 the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was signed into law. The Act limited Food Stamp benefits to able bodied adults without dependents (ABAWD) to three months in a 36-month period unless they work at least 20 hours per week or participate in certain volunteer work or training programs. At the request of Cuyahoga County's Department of Health and Nutrition, the Center on Urban Poverty and Social Change conducted a follow-up study of Cuyahoga County's ABAWDs following the introduction of a time limit on their benefits. This study was undertaken to estimate how many recipients actually met time limits and to determine how they coped with this change. For example, did the loss of benefits affect recipients' ability to obtain food, their living arrangements, health, and job seeking efforts? In addition, the study attempted to measure earnings and employment among ABAWD Food Stamp recipients. Both administrative data and survey data were used for this analysis.
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Show moreTyped letter from P. H. Taylor to Charles F., Sr. thanking Brush for sending his fifth paper on gravitation to President Peirce of Kenyon College, who is currently in Europe.
Charles F. Brush, Sr., Papers
Series 1: Correspondence
Subseries 2: Acknowledgments (1921-1929)
Box 3
Folder 3
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Show moreTyped letter from Harry A. Peters to Charles F., Sr. thanking Brush for sending his fifth paper on gravitation to Peters, who turned it over to the Science Department at University School Cleveland.
Charles F. Brush, Sr., Papers
Series 1: Correspondence
Subseries 2: Acknowledgments (1921-1929)
Box 3
Folder 3
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Show moreBackground of the invention: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for collecting, manipulating, or separating particles from a fluid suspension. In particular, the present invention relates to an acoustically driven method and apparatus for separating fine particles from a fluid suspension. A variety of processes are used for separation of particles from fluid suspensions. None of the conventional separation processes has proved practicable for separation of fine (on the order of 1 .mu.m) particles. Conventional packed bed systems are subjected to prohibitively large pressure drops when processing fine particles. Mixer-settler contactors require extremely prolonged sedimentation steps when processing fine particles. Fluidized bed processes have proven unsuitable because fine particles are too susceptible to entrainment in the outflowing fluid. The efficiency of cyclone separation systems is too sensitive to particle size. For example, the optimum diameter of a cyclone processing 5 .mu.m mineral particles suspended in water would be about 1 cm, which is impractical for processes of any significant scale. Acoustic methods recently have shown promise for solving the problems of separating fine particles from fluid suspensions. Under appropriate conditions, a standing acoustic wave imposed on a fluid suspension containing fine particles will drive the particles to the nodes (positions of minimum range of acoustic pressure) and trap them there. An example of a separation method employing this principle is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,491, in which an ultrasonic generator is energized to set up a standing acoustic wave in a chamber containing blood and trap blood cells at the nodes of the standing wave. After the generator is de-activated, the blood cells settle downwardly in response to the acceleration of gravity to an outlet at the bottom of the chamber. Although acoustic waves have been shown to be effective in trapping fine particles in a fluid suspension, the methods heretofore used for trapping and removing particles have not exhibited the speed desirable for large-scale commercial processing. For example, the blood cell-separation method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,491 requires energizing the ultrasonic generator for twenty seconds to trap the blood cells and de-energizing the generator for five seconds to permit the trapped particles to settle out of the space subjected to the acoustic field. For the successful commercial application of acoustically aided separation methods, it is desirable both to accelerate the trapping of particles and to provide a removal scheme that does not require de-energizing the acoustic field. The present invention is intended to provide an acoustically driven particle separation method that quickly traps fine particles throughout a cell. The present invention also is intended to provide an acoustically driven particle separation method that can trap and remove fine particles simultaneously.
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT5085783
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Show moreThis Briefing Report focuses on changes in the number of participants in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. The principal focus is the period following the passage of the Family Support Act of 1988, mandating participation in welfare to work programs. The reporting period was chosen to end in 1996, shortly before the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program replaced AFDC.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show moreAfrican American Scholars at Case is a digital initiative that focuses on the presence of African Americans at Case Western Reserve University since its inception. The project seeks to preserve and make widely available information about the contributions of African Americans to the University and to both the local and global communities. The exhibit is based on Profile of Distinguished Black Alumni at Case Western Reserve University, published by Assistant Vice President for Student Affairs (Retired), Gwendolyn G. Johnson. The project is a collaborative effort between the Kelvin Smith Library, Ms. Johnson, and the University Archives.
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Show moreBiographies of scholars without exhibit images. Dr. Joseph Carroll, Class of 1893. Educated in the Cleveland school system, Dr. Joseph Carroll graduated from the Western Reserve University Medical School in 1893. In 1900, he volunteered for the armed services in the Philippines. After completing two years of service, he returned to Cleveland. Dr. George H. Wilson, Class of 1893. Dr. Wilson maintained a barber business to help finance his education at Western Reserve University Medical School. He graduated in 1893 and set up residence in the Schofield Building. He remained there until his death in 1905. Dr. Wilson was an elocutionist and writer. He wrote "Midnight on Baltimore," a dramatic naval sketch, which was presented in Cleveland. Dr. Leroy Bundy, Class of 1903. Dr. Bundy graduated from the Western Reserve University Dental School but did not open an office. Instead, he worked for the Woodcliff Dentists, an advertising dental office. He later made several unsuccessful attempts to establish offices in Detroit and Chicago and finally settled in St. Louis. Eventually, Dr. Bundy returned to Cleveland and established a practice. In 1930, he entered politics and was elected to the City Council, a position he held for ten years.
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Show moreMeasurement of neighborhood processes and attributes rests on a decision about the proper unit on which to make those measures. It is common for researchers to aggregate survey responses to some level of geography that is a proxy for neighborhood and to treat this aggregation as the neighborhood unit. This paper examines the effects of various levels and methods of aggregation on the properties of neighborhood measures. The data come from Annie E. Casey Foundation's Making Connections survey of over 7000 households in selected neighborhoods of ten cities. This survey, among other things, queried residents about the following neighborhood attributes using five multi-item scales: Social cohesion/trust, shared expectations for informal social control, neighborhood safety, disorder and incivility, and relations with police. Individual level scale reliability is calculated for each scale using Cronbach's alpha to determine the internal consistency among the items. The majority of the scales prove to be reliable at the individual level (a >.7). Survey records were geocoded and the following levels of aggregation are compared: Entire Making Connections area, project defined sub-areas, census tracts, census block groups and the neighborhood named by residents. Variance components and reliability coefficients are calculated for five scales at each of these levels of aggregation. For most scales, smaller geographic units yield higher reliability coefficients. However, resident named neighborhoods also yield highly reliable aggregate measures. Finally, several strategies for constructing resident defined neighborhood units in surveys are illustrated, including analysis of the names residents give to their neighborhoods and resident drawn maps of their neighborhood boundaries.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show moreAlexander H. Martin, Class of 1895 Mr. Martin graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Adelbert College in 1895. He was one of six African American members of the Phi Beta Kappa honorary society in the 19th century. After graduation, Mr. Martin enrolled in the Western Reserve University Law School and at the end of his second year (1897) passed the state bar exam. Mr. Martin was then admitted to the bar a full year before his graduation. He practiced with John M. Anderson and later helped organize a republican club. Mr. Martin became the first president of the club. In 1934, Mr. Martin received the endorsement of the Cleveland Bar Association for appointment to a vacant Common Pleas Court seat. However, the governor did not accept the endorsement. Mr. Martin practiced in Cleveland until his death in 1962.
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Show moreBackground of the invention: The present invention relates to a novel method of preparing alkoxysilanes and oligomeric alkoxysiloxanes. The method comprises reacting a metal silicate with an acid selected from the group consisting of sulfurous acid and acids with a pKa greater than about 2.5 in the presence of an alcohol. The resultant product is then reacted with an alcohol to form the alkoxysilane or oligomeric alkoxysiloxane, depending on the starting silicate. This method is particularly valuable since the reaction conditions are mild and the reactants are readily available. Several methods of producing alkoxysilanes are known in the art. The most well known and often used of these methods involves the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with an alcohol. Despite the high yields which can be obtained, this method is disadvantageous in that it is a 2-step process initially requiring the formation of silicon tetrachloride. In order to avoid this roundabout approach, a method has been developed that yields alkoxysilanes by a 1-step reaction using elemental silicon and alcohols. Unfortunately, elemental silicon is generally produced from silica by a very endothermic and thus costly reaction. Several routes to oligomeric alkoxysiloxanes have also been developed. For instance, in one route silicon tetrachloride is treated with a limited amount of water to form a reaction mixture from which an appropriate chlorosiloxane is isolated. The chlorosiloxane is then treated with an alcohol to yield the alkoxysiloxane. Such routes, often yield mixtures from which it is difficult to separate the desired alkoxysiloxane. Kenney (et al.) in U.S. Pat. No. 4.717.773 teach an alternative route to alkoxysilanes and oligomeric alkoxysiloxanes comprising reacting a metal silicate with a strong acid-alcohol solution and then esterifying the resultant product with an alcohol. The only acids taught in this work are strong acids such as HC1. The present inventors have now discovered that alkoxysilanes and oligomeric alkoxysiloxanes can be made by reacting metal silicates with an acid selected from the group consisting of sulfurous acid or acids with a pKa greater than about 2.5 and then esterifying the resultant product with an alcohol. Summary: The present invention relates to a novel method of preparing alkoxysilanes. The method comprises reacting a metal orthosilicate with an acid selected from the group consisting of sulfurous acid and acids with a pKa greater than about 2.5 in the presence of an alcohol. The product is then esterified by reacting it with ROH to form Si(OR).sub.4 wherein R is an alkyl of 1-20 carbon atoms. The present invention also relates to a novel method of preparing oligomeric alkoxysiloxanes. The method comprises reacting a metal silicate having a framework that is the same as that of the desired alkoxysiloxane or is similar to it with an acid selected from the group consisting of sulfurous acid and acids with a pKa greater
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT5183914
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Show moreField of the invention: The present invention relates to reagents and methods for drug screening and, more particularly, neuronal cells and tissue for screening potential Alzheimer therapeutics. Background: In 1907, Alois Alzheimer described the case of a 51-year-old woman with a rapidly degenerating memory who (after a swift deterioration) died severely demented four years later. This condition, which now bears Alzheimer's name, describes a fatal degenerative dementing disorder with initial mild memory impairment that progresses unrelentingly to a total debilitating loss of mental and physical faculties. Following symptom onset, the course of the disease varies considerably from a few years to over 20 years, with a mean survival of approximately 8 years. M. A. Smith, "Alzheimer Disease," Internat. Rev. Neurobiol. 42:1 (1998). Alzheimer disease affects 10-15% of individuals over 65 years and up to 47% of individuals over the age of 80. In both clinical and autopsy series in the United States and Europe, Alzheimer disease accounts for approximately two-thirds of all dementias affecting elderly individuals. D. A. Evans et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc. 262: 2551 (1989).The most common and distinctive lesions present with the diseased brain are the neuritic senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The major protein component of senile plaque cores and vascular amyloid is a small polypeptide of approximately 4.2 kDa termed amyloid-.beta.. A significant fraction of this protein is found to be associated with the cytoskeleton, presumably through its interaction with the microtubule-associated .tau. ("tau") protein. It is believed that the increased phosphorylated status of tau protein represents one of the earliest neuronal changes prior to the development of neurofibrillary tangles. Unfortunately, because of the heterogeneity of the factors thought to be responsible for Alzheimer disease and the lack of an animal model displaying the full spectrum of pathological changes, successful pharmacological interventions have not been established. What is needed is an easy, reliable method to determine the safety and efficacy of candidate therapeutics for the treatment and/or prevention of Alzheimer disease. Definitions: The term "drug" as used herein, refers to any medicinal substance used in humans or other animals. Encompassed within this definition are compound analogs, naturally occurring, synthetic and recombinant pharmaceuticals, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc. The present invention contemplates screening test compounds to identify a useful drug for the treatment of Alzheimers. Most current attempts at therapeutics for Alzheimer disease are directed at neurotransmitter deficiencies. The term "neurotransmitter" includes any compound which functions in the nervous system to result in the transmission of chemical signals between cells.
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT6548261
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Show moreField of the Invention: The present invention relates to methods and compositions for characterizing the expression patterns of genes and gene families. Specifically, the present invention provides means to generate and monitor gene expression profiles resulting from cellular and physiological changes such that the expression patterns of individual genes or groups of genes can be readily identified and characterized. Background of the invention: Developing methods to detect molecular alterations in biological samples is key to increasing our knowledge about the causes of diseases, the processes of cellular development and differentiation, and other physiological and cellular events, and in developing tools to detect, treat, alter, and monitor these conditions. Perhaps the most significant alteration that can occur in a cell is in its pattern of gene transcription, which exerts profound control on protein levels and activities. The detection of changes in mRNA levels in the thousands of genes expressed by a single cell is an important goal for many research programs. With the extensive amount of cDNA sequence information available through the efforts of genome sequencing projects, as well as those of thousands of individual laboratories, it is becoming increasingly imperative to develop technologies that can utilize this information to study the patterns of gene expression in both development and disease. Most human cancers are the result of genetic changes that result in alterations in the profile of expressed genes within a cell. Methods that can rapidly and accurately measure the expression levels of thousands of genes will play an essential role in furthering our understanding of the causes and nature of progression of human cancers, detecting and monitoring cancers and others diseases, and identifying and developing treatment methods for the diseases. Several approaches have been developed in recent years in an attempt to achieve reliable, economical measurement of patterns and levels of gene expression. These include sequencing-based methods such as expressed sequence tag (EST) databases (See e.g., Adams et al., Nature Genetics 4, 373 [19931]) and SAGE (See e.g., Velculescu et al., Science 270, 484 [1995]), PCR based methods such as differential display (See e.g., Liang et al., Cancer Res. 52, 6966 [1992]; and Liang and Pardee, Science 257, 967 [1992]), and methods based on hybridization to microarrays of EST clones or oligonucleotides (See e.g., Chee et al., Science 274, 610 [1996]; DeRisi et al., Nat. Genet. 14, 457 [1996]; Gress et al., Oncogene 13, 1819 [1996]; Maskos and Southern, Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 4663 [1993]; Pietu et al., Genome Res. 6, 492 [1996]; Schena et al., Science 270, 467 [1995]; and Schena et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 10614 [1996]) or by subtractive hybridization (See e.g., Diatchenko et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 6025 [1996]).
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT6232065
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Show moreBackground of the invention: Angiogenesis refers to the process by which new capillary blood vessels are formed from existing microvessels, resulting in the development of a blood supply to a given area of tissue [23, 25]. It is one of the most pervasive and fundamentally essential biological processes encountered in mammalian organizations. In the healthy, adult human body, angiogenesis is a normal and important function that is critical in a variety of physiological settings, including chronic inflammation, embryonic development, reproduction, and wound healing [22, 29]. For example, angiogenesis occurs in the female reproductive system, in response to ovulation or gestation, and in the normal hair cycle [28]. Nevertheless, apart from the processes of wound healing and inflammation, angiogenesis virtually never occurs physiologically in adult tissues, except in the ovary, the endometrium, and the placenta [27]. When defective or uncontrolled, angiogenesis is also central to a number of pathological processes, including: abnormalities of wound healing in diseases such as diabetes and duodenal ulceration; chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and periodontitis; dermatological conditions such as cutaneous malignancy, decubitus ulcers, hemangiomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, psoriasis, pyogenic granulomas, and warts; diseases of the eye, particularly diabetic retinopathy; and growth of solid tumors, both benign and malignant [22, 23, 25, 26]. The consequence of abnormal angiogenesis is either excessive or insufficient blood vessel growth. Ulcers, strokes, and heart attacks can result from the absence of angiogenesis normally required for natural healing, while excessive blood vessel proliferation may favor arthritis, blindness, and tumor growth and dissemination [29 ]. The angiogenic process is tightly regulated (in both time and space) by a variety of endogenous angiogenic and angiostatic factors. It is propelled by a mixture of growth factors and pro-angiogenic cytokines, and is moderated by a collection of inhibitors of neovascularization which interfere with steps in the angiogenic process [22, 30]. In angiogenesis, capillary sprouts are formed in response to pro-angiogenic factors. The sprouts then grow and develop, driven by endothelial cell migration and proliferation, and organize themselves into a ordendritic structure [24]. Angiogenic and anti-angiogenic molecules control the formation of new vessels via different mechanisms. Hypoxia and other ill-defined stimuli drive tumor, inflammatory, and connective tissue cells to generate angiogenic molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, and platelet-derived growth factor. Natural and synthetic angiogenesis inhibitors, such as angiostatin, thalidomide, and thrombospondin, can repress angiogenesis [23].
http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT6723322
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