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Show moreThis Briefing Report focuses on changes in the number of participants in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. The principal focus is the period following the passage of the Family Support Act of 1988, mandating participation in welfare to work programs. The reporting period was chosen to end in 1996, shortly before the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program replaced AFDC.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show morePresent the results of a project aimed at identifying, locating and analyzing a set of occupations which will provide substantial and suitable job opportunities for public housing recipients and welfare recipients.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show moreOne of the aims of welfare reform legislation signed into law in 1996 was to break the cycle of welfare dependency by imposing a limit on the amount of time a person may collect benefits. In addition to the five-year lifetime limit mandated by the federal legislation, Ohio's implementation of welfare reform included a provision limiting benefits to three-years in any given five-year period. In October 1997, the clock began ticking for those on welfare, and over four thousand individual Cuyahoga County welfare recipients who were still receiving benefits 36 months later, in October 2000, were removed from the rolls. Hundreds more left cash assistance in the months preceding the deadline, perhaps in anticipation of it, or to preserve personal safety nets for a later time of greater need.
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Show moreThe Federation for Community Planning was interested in understanding factors leading to the use of welfare benefits. For some individuals, entry into the Aid to Dependent Children (AFDC) program for the first time may be precipitated by specific events such as loss of a job, birth of a child, or change in family structure. Such situations may resolve themselves and eliminate the need for AFDC in a relatively short period. For other individuals, there may not be a single precipitating event, instead welfare dependency may be a result of prolonged unemployment and family difficulties. The purpose of this analysis is to identify some of the circumstances surrounding welfare entry and to determine whether they are predictive of how long individuals will receive benefits.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show moreThis analysis of the retention of food stamps and Medicaid draws upon an ongoing, longitudinal study of families leaving cash assistance in Cuyahoga County. Each quarter, beginning in quarter 4, 1998, all families who leave cash assistance for at least 2 months are identified from agency records (this identification of quarterly exit cohorts will continue through quarter 4, 2000.) Each exit cohort is tracked for thirteen months. For this study, an exiter is defined as an assistance group whose OWF cash assistance case was open for at least 1 month and then closed for at least 2 consecutive months. The assistance group must have at least one adult over the age of 18 and all members of the assistance group must exit and not transfer to a new assistance group in the two-month period. The month of exit is the first month in which the assistance group does not receive an OWF check. Administrative records containing information on monthly welfare benefits (including case closing codes) and quarterly employment and earnings are compiled for all of the exiters for the year prior to and following the exit.
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Show moreAs welfare caseloads fall and provisions of welfare reform are implemented in state and local welfare offices, there is a growing interest in families and individuals who leave the welfare rolls. However, welfare caseloads have always been dynamic, with families entering and leaving assistance programs each month. To interpret information on families leaving welfare since welfare reform, it is necessary to know what happened to families who left welfare in the past as well. This is a study of a third quarter, 1996 cohort of welfare leavers, who stopped receiving cash assistance before welfare reform went into effect. It is intended to provide a basis of comparison for future studies of families leaving welfare under welfare reform.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show moreOne of the aims of welfare reform legislation signed into law in 1996 was to break the cycle of welfare dependency by imposing a limit on the amount of time a person may collect benefits. In addition to the five-year lifetime limit mandated by the federal legislation, Ohio's implementation of welfare reform included a provision limiting benefits to three-years in any given five-year period. In October 1997, the clock began ticking for those on welfare, and over four thousand individual Cuyahoga County welfare recipients who were still receiving benefits 36 months later, in October 2000, were removed from the rolls. Hundreds more left cash assistance in the months preceding the deadline, perhaps in anticipation of it, or to preserve personal safety nets for a later time of greater need.
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Show moreMany adults who receive welfare leave the program for employment each year. However, many of these same individuals leave their jobs fairly quickly and, some of them, return to welfare as a result. These frequent job interruptions interfere with individuals' abilities to develop steady job histories and to provide income for their families. Therefore, in addition to moving recipients off of welfare, an important goal of welfare reform is to stabilize employment and earnings for these individuals and their families.
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Show moreThis special topics report examines the housing experiences of families leaving welfare. Specifically, the report examines their ability to pay for housing, the degree to which they experience housing problems and the conditions in the neighborhoods surrounding their homes. The report shows that the majority of families leaving welfare face housing hardships and relatively few receive housing assistance to help with their rent burden. Families leaving welfare also experience residential mobility rates that are well above the national average. However, their moves tend to be within a limited range of distressed neighborhoods that are distant from the locations of job growth and economic opportunity in the region. The heavy rent burden carried by former welfare families, their residential instability, and their concentration in poor neighborhoods has implications for housing and welfare policy.
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Show moreMoving individuals from welfare to work requires more or less resources depending upon the employment readiness of the caseload. The Cuyahoga County Department of Employment and Entitlement Services requested a profile of their caseload in order to plan their employment related services and programs under welfare reform. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the relative proportions of the caseload who might require various intensities of services and to anticipate the numbers of individuals who could be employed quickly versus those who would require a longer period to move into work.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show moreMany of the new provisions of Ohio Works First (OWF) went into effect in October, 1997 including the 36 month time limit on cash benefits and work participation requirements. All family cases (i.e. assistance groups) and the adult members of these cases in the October, 1997 caseload became subject to these new limits and requirements. Cuyahoga Work and Training Department requested that the Center on Urban Poverty and Social Change examine the patterns of welfare use for this caseload from the time welfare reform went into effect through June, 1998.
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Show morePublic assistance records are maintained by government agencies that administer cash assistance (i.e., Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), Food Stamps, and medical assistance. These programs meet the basic needs of low-income individuals and families, and public assistance records can be a useful source of data for neighborhood indicators. This chapter focuses on the use of public assistance records for calculating neighborhood indicators. Selected indicators are described in detail along with a discussion of methodological issues and problems in interpretation.
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Show moreThis study, undertaken with support from the Federation for Community Planning, estimates the number of Cuyahoga County residents who utilized at least one of three common public assistance programs: Medicaid, Food Stamps, or AFDC. Using administrative data and estimates of the County's five year accumulated population, the Center on Urban Poverty and Social Change has calculated the government assistance utilization rates of residents in Cuyahoga County during the five year period, July, 1992 through June, 1997.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show moreIn Cuyahoga County, and across the nation, welfare caseloads fell steadily throughout the 1990s. Those who left welfare found employment in surprisingly high numbers. Many changes in federal, state, and local policy and program administration were implemented in the middle and late 1990s. However, this was also a period of strong economic growth resulting in historically low unemployment rates. Since the spring of 2001, the macro economy has faltered and the labor market in the Cleveland area, as elsewhere, has softened. How have changing economic conditions affected outcomes for welfare leavers in Cuyahoga County?
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Show moreBeginning October 1, 1997, the state of Ohio placed a time limit on the number of months a family may use Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), formerly known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Under the new law, there is a lifetime limit of five years for cash assistance. Initially, an Ohio family is restricted to using 36 months of welfare within any five year period. After five years, the Ohio family may use an additional 24 months of assistance. This Briefing Report estimates the number of Cuyahoga County TANF recipients who are likely to meet the 36 month time limit under the new law. Beginning in 1995, the Center on Urban Poverty and Social Change initiated a number of studies on local welfare recipients. 1 Since that time, Cuyahoga County's caseload, similar to the nation's, has declined dramatically. This report draws on the earlier analyses to study the current Cuyahoga County caseload.
Digital Books at Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Show moreThe Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 is the culmination of recent efforts to convert welfare from an entitlement program to a reciprocal obligation between government and recipient, in which the recipient must work in return for benefits. In addition to the federal legislation, many states are experimenting with similar and related reforms. All programs require that current welfare clients ultimately make the transition into the labor force. However, very little is known about the ability of the local labor market to fully absorb those who reach their welfare time limits. At the local level, policy makers will need to dramatically increase the scale of job search assistance, training, and possibly public employment. 1 As we move toward full implementation of welfare reform and the first welfare recipients reach their time limits, local labor markets may exhibit either short- or long-term unemployment. A spatial disconnect between inner-city welfare recipients who depend on public transportation and the increasing suburbanization of job opportunities may limit the labor market potential of some populations. Little comprehensive local labor market information is available to policy makers trying to assess local options and constraints. The Center on Urban Poverty and Social Change at Case Western Reserve University has developed extensive data relevant to these and other questions related to the implementation of welfare reform. This article describes efforts to develop a local labor market information system to assess the local labor market effects of welfare reform. The focus is on the Cleveland-Akron Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) as an example of how this information can be assembled and used for policy analysis and program planning and implementation at the local level.
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Show moreWelfare reform places a strong emphasis on employment and a major goal is moving recipients from the welfare rolls to the employment rolls. However, there is uncertainty as to whether recipients will be able to find work after leaving welfare and to earn enough income to support their families. The welfare caseload has been falling in Cuyahoga County since 1992 but little is known about how many people have been able to substitute earnings for their cash benefits when they left welfare.
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